Menstruation is a time of physical and emotional difficulties for many women. Menstrual pain, or dysmenorrhea in medical terms, is defined as pain and discomfort in the abdomen, especially before and during menstruation. These pains, which occur with a regular menstrual cycle, are normal for most women. However, for some women, severe pain can interfere with daily life.

So, what lies behind menstrual cramps and how can you manage this condition? Here are the details…

What is Menstrual Pain (Dysmenorrhea)?

Menstrual pain is pain, cramping or discomfort in the lower abdomen during the first days of menstruation. Dysmenorrhea is usually divided into two main groups:

1. Primary Dysmenorrhea (Physiological Menstrual Pain):

   • Definition: A pain that occurs in young women, usually when menstruation first starts. It is not associated with a health problem or other illness. It is caused by the uterus contracting as part of the menstrual cycle.

   • Cause: The uterus contracts to expel menstrual blood. These contractions can be strong enough to block blood flow, which causes pain.

   • Symptoms: Severe cramping in the lower abdomen, lower back and groin, nausea, dizziness and often low back pain.

2. Secondary dysmenorrhea (menstrual cramps due to illness):

   • Definition: Menstrual cramps can increase in intensity with age, especially in the 30s and beyond. This type of pain is usually caused by another health problem.

   • Cause: Conditions such as uterine fibroids, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or menstrual irregularities can lead to secondary dysmenorrhea.

   • Symptoms: Longer and more severe contractions, irregular bleeding or excessive bleeding.

What can be done for menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea)?

There are many different ways to relieve menstrual cramps. Every woman’s experience is different, so it is important to find out which methods work best for you. Here are some suggestions for managing menstrual cramps:

1. Painkillers and Medicines:

   • NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs): Many painkillers other than paracetamol are commonly used to relieve pain caused by menstrual cramps.

   • Use of painkillers: Taking painkillers at the onset of the first contractions can relieve the intensity of the contractions.

2. Applying Heat:

   • Hot Water Bag or Heating Pad: Applying heat to the abdomen can relax uterine contractions and relieve pain. Taking a hot shower can also relax the muscles.

   • Bathing: A warm bath provides relaxation to the whole body and can reduce the intensity of contractions.

3. Exercise and Physical Activity:

   • Light Exercises: Light exercise, such as walking or yoga, can relieve pain by increasing endorphin production in the body. Regular exercise can also help make menstrual cramps less severe.

4. Nutrition and Diet:

   • Adequate Water Consumption: Maintaining the body’s water balance can help relieve bloating and pain.

   • Low Sodium and Low Fat Diet: Avoiding salty foods and eating a balanced diet can help relieve menstrual cramps. In addition, foods containing omega-3 fatty acids (e.g. salmon, walnuts) can provide pain relief.

5. Relaxation Techniques:

   • Yoga and Meditation: Try relaxation techniques like yoga or meditation to reduce stress and relax muscles. Deep breathing can also be effective in managing pain.

   • Massage: Gently massaging the abdominal area to relax the muscles can help reduce menstrual cramps.

6. Hormonal Treatment Methods:

   • Birth Control Pills: They can reduce the severity of menstrual pain by providing hormonal balance. Birth control pills can be especially useful for pain caused by secondary dysmenorrhea.

   • IUD (Intrauterine Device): For some women, the use of an intrauterine device (IUD) can help relieve menstrual cramps.

7. Alternative Methods:

   • Acupuncture: Acupuncture treatment may be effective in managing menstrual cramps for some women.

   • Herbal teas: Herbal teas such as ginger, peppermint or chamomile tea can help you relax and relieve nausea.

When Should You See a Doctor?

Period cramps are usually normal, but when they become severe or persistent, they may indicate an underlying health problem. It is important to see a gynecologist if:

• If menstrual pains become more severe each month

• If there are pains other than menstruation

• If you experience excessive bleeding or irregular bleeding

• If your PMS symptoms are severe and affecting your quality of life