Gynecological cancers are cancers that develop in the female reproductive organs, and when detected early, the chances of successful treatment are significantly high. Regular screenings are critically important for women’s health, as they help identify gynecological cancers such as cervical cancer, endometrial (uterine) cancer, ovarian cancer, and vaginal cancer at early stages.

Screening Methods and Practices

1.Mammography and Breast Ultrasound (USG)

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women and can be diagnosed at an early stage through regular screening. Mammography is the imaging of breast tissue using low-dose X-rays and is used to detect early signs of breast cancer. Breast ultrasound is a complementary imaging method to mammography and is especially beneficial for young women and those with dense breast tissue.

• Mammography: It is recommended annually or every two years after the age of 40; however, women with a family history of breast cancer should begin screening at an earlier age.
• Breast Ultrasound: Preferred in young women or in cases where clear imaging cannot be obtained through mammography.

2. Pap Smear and HPV Test

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that often shows no symptoms in its early stages but can be detected through regular screening. The Pap smear (Pap test) and HPV (Human Papillomavirus) test are the most effective methods for identifying cellular changes in the cervix.

• Pap Smear (Pap Test): This test involves examining cell samples taken from the cervix in a laboratory. It detects cellular changes and is life-saving in identifying early-stage cervical cancer. It is generally recommended to be performed every 3 years starting at age 21.
• HPV Test: HPV is one of the leading causes of cervical cancer. This test detects the presence of the HPV virus and identifies high-risk HPV types. It is typically performed alongside the Pap smear in women aged 30 and above.

3. Ultrasonography and Curettage

Ultrasonography (USG) is highly useful in the screening of gynecological cancers. Conditions such as endometrial cancer (uterine cancer) and ovarian cancer can be detected at early stages using ultrasound. Transvaginal ultrasound, in particular, provides detailed imaging of pelvic organs and helps identify the presence of abnormal masses.

• Transvaginal Ultrasound: This method is used to examine the uterus, ovaries, and other pelvic organs for the detection of abnormal masses. Suspicious conditions such as endometrial thickening or cysts can be identified.
• Curettage: If suspicious results are obtained from ultrasound or Pap tests, a tissue sample may be taken from the uterine lining for further examination. Curettage is an important step for checking abnormal cells within the uterus and identifying tissues that may carry a risk of cancer.

4. Other Screening Methods and Imaging Techniques

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): MRI is another advanced imaging technique used in the diagnosis of conditions such as ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer. It is particularly effective in determining the extent of cancer spread.
• Biopsy: If a suspicious mass is detected through ultrasound or other tests, a biopsy may be performed. A biopsy is essential for the definitive diagnosis of cancer cells.

Important Screening Recommendations for Early Diagnosis and Treatment

• Cervical Cancer: It is recommended that every woman have a Pap smear test every 3 years starting at age 21. Additionally, after the age of 30, combined screening with an HPV test provides more reliable results.
• Breast Cancer: It is recommended to have a mammogram every year after the age of 40. If there is a family history of breast cancer, it is important to begin screening at an earlier age.
• Ovarian Cancer: Since ovarian cancer often presents no symptoms, women with significant risk factors (such as genetic predisposition) should be monitored regularly through ultrasound and biopsy.
• Endometrial Cancer: Women who experience postmenopausal bleeding or excessive menstrual bleeding should undergo a gynecological examination to monitor the uterine lining through ultrasound and, if necessary, undergo curettage.

Your doctor creates personalized screening and treatment plans by taking each woman’s individual health needs into account. By providing all tests and screening services related to gynecological cancers in a safe and comprehensive manner, the goal is to protect patients’ health and improve their quality of life. The main objective is to safeguard women’s health by ensuring that potential cancers are detected and treated at an early stage.